DEFENCE

DEFENCE

· Established in 1958.

· Its two founding members are Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) & Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) – Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs).

· Can be easily stored.

· Reach high speed quickly.

· Storage difficult and complex.

· Can be controlled easily.

· Fuel injected and ignited.

· Cannot propel aerial vehicle to supersonic speeds.

· It is a type of air breathing engine.

· the combustion chamber – where the air is mixed with fuel and ignited – only works at subsonic speeds. So, the intake slows the air down, releasing some of its energy as a shock wave, but this reduces fuel efficiency.

· Combustion at supersonic velocities.

· Hydrogen fuel used.

· It is a type of air breathing engine.

· India is fourth country apart from USA, Russia and ESA to demonstrate this technology.

· The combustion chamber is specially designed to operate with supersonic airflow.

· Need insulated containers and vents.

· No air intake is required.

· India is sixth country apart from USA, Russia, France, japan, china to have this technology.

1. Short range ballistic missile (SRBM)- 300 to 1000 KM

2. Medium range (MRBM)- 1000-3500 KM

3. Intermediate range (IRBM)- 3500-5500 KM

4. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)- 5500 KM

1. Hypersonic (Mach 5): speed is five times the speed of sound (Mach 5).

2. Supersonic (Mach 2-3): speed is faster than the speed of sound.

3. Subsonic (Mach 0.8): speed is slower than the speed of sound.

· At present, US, China, Russia, UK, France and Israel are known to have ICBMs.

· It has been equipped with very high accuracy.

· Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial Navigation System (RINS) and Micro Navigation System (MINS).

· First missile developed under IGMDP in 1983.

· Uses either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels and are capable of carrying conventional as well as nuclear warhead.

· Prithvi I- Army version-150 km range

· Prithvi II- Air force version-350 km range

· Prithvi III- Naval version-600 km range

· Range – 9km.

· Currently not in service.

· Range – 4km.

· 3rd generation ‘fire and forget’ guided missile where the target is identified and designated before the weapon is launched.

· It is an all-weather condition with day and night capabilities.

· Launched from land and air-based platforms.

· Multi-target engagement capacity. Radar detects incoming objects and missiles are fired.

· Range – 30 km. Altitudes up to 18000m.

· Already in use.

• Astra is an all-weather beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM)
• Range – 80km.
• Payload capacity: 15 kg.
• First indigenously developed missile of India
• Uses solid fuel ducted Ramjet and has BVRAAM (beyond visual range air-to-air missile) technology.
• Can destroy enemy aircrafts at supersonic speed.

• solid-fuel, surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile
• Range – 150km.
• Payload capacity – 200 to 500kg.

• solid fuel surface-to-surface tactical missile.
• Payload – 1 tonne and has range of 350 km.

• NIRBHAY is India’s first indigenous Long Range, all-weather, Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile,
• It can carry a warhead of 200 kg to 300 kg at a speed of 0.6 to 0.7 Mach with a launch weight of about 1500 kg.
• It can avoid detection as it has ability to cruise at heights as low as 100 m.
• Can be launched from multiple platforms and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads.
• Two-stage missile powered by Solid rocket motor booster.
• Range of 1000km.

• Sea-to-sea/surface short range ballistic missile.
• Range – 350km.
• Capable of carrying nuclear warheads.

• BRAHMOS is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India (DRDO) and the NPOM of Russia.
• Named after the rivers Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia).
• Two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in second) air-to-surface missile.
• Range – around 300 km.
• Speed – Mach 2.8
• India’s entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) has extended the range of the BRAHMOS missile to reach 450 km-600km.
• Can be launched from land, air, and sea and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy that works in both day and night irrespective of the weather conditions.
• Operates on the “Fire and Forgets” principle.
• One of the fastest cruise missiles currently operationally deployed.
• Lower target dispersion and quicker engagement.
• Low radar signature.

• Indigenous multi-barrel rocket launch system, for the Indian Army by DRDO
• The navigation system – aided by the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
• Range more than 70 km.

• It is the first indigenous anti-radiation missile of the country.
• Range of up to 200 km depending upon the launch conditions.
• can be launched from altitudes of 500 m to 15 km and speeds of 0.6 to 2 mach.
• can locate and target any radiation-emitting source like enemy radars, communication sites and other Radio Frequency (RF) emitting targets.

MISION SHAKTI

• To develop highly potent Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT).
• It is a joint programme of DRDO and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• Anti-satellite (ASAT) System is missile-based system to attack moving satellites.
• ASAT propels India to the coveted space-superpower league.
• India will now have the power to decimate satellites for pure military and strategic purpose.
• India will have the capability to interfere with satellites or engage in direct attacks.
• ASAT missile can be air, sea or land based.
• Can also help in creating nuclear missile deterrence.
• In March 2019, India successfully tested its ASAT missile.
• joining a select group of nations – USA, Russia and China with a similar technology.
• India used the Kinetic Kill space technology.
• The ASAT missile destroyed a live satellite in Low Earth orbit (283-kilometre).
• As per DRDO, the missile is capable of shooting down targets moving at a speed of 10 km per second at an altitude as high as 1200 km.

· Difficult for enemy to detect.

· Can float near territorial waters of enemy nation.

· Provide excellent second-striking capability

· SSN: submersible ship nuclear-powered-specifically designed for attacking and sinking other submarines/ships. Generally, do not carry long range missiles.

· SSBN: submersible ship Ballistic Nuclear-Powered-have the capability to deploy submarine launched ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

· Easy for enemy to detect

· Can’t float near territorial waters of enemy nation

· Don’t possess that advantage

· It uses torpedoes and other small range missiles.

· These submarines have limited range and need to come out of the water after some time.

· It is used as a launch platform for ballistic or long-range missiles.

· These can carry nuclear warheads.

· These submarines are nuclear powered submarines. As a result, have almost unlimited range because of availability of unlimited power supply.

· These can remain under water for months and can travel up to thousand miles.

INS Arigha

INS Shankush

INS Shalki

INS Shankul

India

INS Khanderi

India

INS Sindhudhvaj

INS Sindhuraj

INS Sindhuratna

INS Sindhukesari

INS Sindhukirti

INS Sindhuvijay

INS Sindhurashtra

· This project envisages the construction of six conventional submarines with better sensors and weapons and the Air Independent Propulsion System (AIP)- Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir and Vagsheer.

· Four corvettes- INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kiltan and INS Kavaratti.

· The warships are named after the islands in the Lakshadweep archipelago.

· Aims to promote innovation and technology development in Defence and Aerospace by engaging Industries (which includes MSMEs, start-ups, individual innovators, R&D institutes & academia)with funding and other support to carry out Research & Development.

· It will be funded and managed by Defence Innovation Organization (DIO) and will function as the executive arm of DIO.

otherwise – Min 60%

· It is implemented by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

· Three states have neither signed nor ratified the convention are Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan.

· OPCW was established by the Chemical Weapons Convention, 1997 to implement and enforce the terms of the non-proliferation treaty.

· It is authorized to perform inspections, perform testing of sites and victims of suspected chemical weapons attacks to verify that signatory states are complying with the convention.

· OPCW won the 2013 Nobel peace prize.

· As a state party to the CWC India enacted Chemical Weapons Convention Act in 2000.

· National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) has been established under the Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 for implementing the provisions of the Convention

· Sarin gas – Nerve agent.

· Novichok -Nerve Agent- 5-8 times more lethal than VX nerve agent.

· Cyanide- Blood Agent

· Phosgene, Sulphur Mustard- Blister agents

· VX- very persistent once in the atmosphere, it is slow to evaporate, and thus tends to cause prolonged exposure.